By default the mbstring extension is not enabled in PHP, but the extension is included and available for use. This extension allows you to work with and/or manipulate strings with multibyte encoding (think of special characters like that used with other languages or emojis). Depending on the operating system you are installing the extension, things may change slightly, but the PHP documentation around installing/enabling this is a good place to start.
As I mentioned, typically this extension is included in the download of PHP, however, it is likely not enabled via the php.ini
file. Here is a screenshot of where it is located in my extensions directory for PHP 8.1.1 on Windows:

If for some reason you do not have the extension, then attempt to re-download the entire PHP package that matches the version you are using to find that extension. Copy and paste the extension into your ext directory.
Once you have ensured it is there, then you will need to open up your php.ini
file and make sure that the extension=mbstring
is uncommented like this where you remove the initial semicolon:

Semicolons comment lines out in the php.ini
file. Finally, make sure you save this file with your changes, I don't know how many times I have helped developers figure out why it's not working when it ends up usually being because they forgot to save their php.ini
file.
Finally, restart your Apache server (if PHP is loaded via that), or restart PHP if it's loading as a separate service. Or just restart everything to be sure you are reloading the PHP configuration file.